Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children

Abstract

The recent demonstration of pathogenic immune mechanisms and autoantibodies in some patients with acute encephalopathy has raised interest in the identification of autoimmunity as a treatable cause of encephalitis. Especially in children, autoimmune encephalitis can be triggered by a preceding viral infection (e.g., anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis post-herpes simplex encephalitis) or by some acquired or genetic disorders that predispose to brain autoimmunity (e.g., hematopoietic cell transplant, CLTA4 deficiency). This review discusses recent advances in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis, including new insights into immune mechanisms and biomarkers in disorders proven or suspected to be autoimmune.

Keywords

autoimmune encephalitis - herpes simplex encephalitis - antibodies

Funding

This work was supported in part by Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (CM14/00081 and CV15/00021); Dodot Procter & Gamble research grant sponsored by Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP, DN040579); Fundación Mutua Madrileña; and Fundació Marató TV3 (20141830).

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